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Open research is research conducted in the spirit of free and open source software. Much like open source schemes that are built around a source code that is made public, the central theme of open research is to make clear accounts of the methodology freely available via the internet, along with any data or results extracted or derived from them. This permits a massively distributed collaboration, and one in which anyone may participate at any level of the project. If the research is scientific in nature, it is frequently referred to as open science.〔For an overview, see ("Reinventing Discovery" ) by Michael Nielsen, Princeton University Press (October 21, 2011), ISBN 0-691-14890-2〕 ''Open research'' can also include social sciences, the humanities, mathematics, engineering and medicine. == Types of open projects == Important distinctions exist between different types of open projects. Projects that provide open data but don't offer open collaboration are referred to as "open access" rather than open research. Providing open data is a necessary but not sufficient condition for open research, because although the data may be used by anyone, there is no requirement for subsequent research to take place openly. For example, though there have been many calls for more open collaborative research in drug discovery and the open deposition of large amounts of data,〔(F. -J. Gamo, et al. Thousands of chemical starting points for antimalarial lead identification. ''Nature'' 2010, ''465'', 305-310 )〕 there are very few active, openly collaborative projects in this area.〔(Open Source Drug Discovery wiki )〕〔(Indian Open Source Drug Discovery portal )〕〔(Mendeley Group on Open Source Drug Discovery )〕 Crowdsourcing projects that recruit large numbers of participants to carry out small tasks which are then assembled into a larger project outcome have delivered significant research outcomes,〔(S. Cooper, ''et al.'' Predicting protein structures with a multiplayer online game. ''Nature'' 2010 ''466'', 756-760 )〕〔(K. Land et al. Galaxy Zoo: the large-scale spin statistics of spiral galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, ''Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.'' 2008, ''388'', 1686-1692 )〕 but these projects are distinct from those in which participants are able to influence the overall direction of the research, or in which participants are expected to have creative input into the science behind the project. Most open research is conducted within existing research groups. Primary research data are posted which can be added to, or interpreted by, anyone who has the necessary expertise and who can therefore join the collaborative effort. Thus the "end product" of the project (which may still be subject to future expansion or modification) arises from many contributions across multiple research groups, rather than the effort of one group or individual. Open research is therefore distinct from open access in that the output of open research is prone to change with time. Unlike open access, true open research must demonstrate live, online collaboration. Project websites that demonstrate this capability have started to become available.〔(The Synaptic Leap )〕〔(MIAWiki for Open Research and Collaboration )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Open research」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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